{"id":305,"date":"2008-06-07T21:51:10","date_gmt":"2008-06-07T21:51:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp\/wordpress\/zimannasi-ciye\/"},"modified":"2008-06-07T21:51:10","modified_gmt":"2008-06-07T21:51:10","slug":"zimannasi-ciye","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/?page_id=305","title":{"rendered":"Zimannas\u00ed ciye?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" alignright size-full wp-image-304\" width=\"120\" vspace=\"10\" hspace=\"10\" height=\"106\" border=\"0\" align=\"right\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wp\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/06\/jefer_sheyxulislami.png\" alt=\"\" \/>P&eacute;shekiyek&iacute; zor kurt bo zimannas&iacute;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Je&#8217;fer&iacute; sh&eacute;xul&iacute;slam&iacute; (31.01.2004)<br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" alignright size-full wp-image-304\" width=\"120\" vspace=\"10\" hspace=\"10\" height=\"106\" border=\"0\" align=\"right\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wp\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/06\/jefer_sheyxulislami.png\" alt=\"\" \/>P&eacute;shekiyek&iacute; zor kurt bo zimannas&iacute;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Je&#8217;fer&iacute; sh&eacute;xul&iacute;slam&iacute; (31.01.2004)<\/p>\n<p>Hem&uacute; &iacute;nsan&eacute;k, b&eacute;t&uacute; helumerj&iacute; f&iacute;z&iacute;k&iacute; lesh&iacute; kemayes&iacute; neh&eacute;n&eacute; u gw&egrave;y le ziman&eacute;k&iacute;sh b&eacute; ke le dewruber&iacute; qisey p&eacute; bikir&eacute;, lan&iacute; kem f&eacute;r&iacute; yek ziman deb&eacute;, be b&eacute; ewe ke be ashkiray&iacute; xoy be f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; ew zimanewe mand&uacute; u sheket bika. Be kurt&iacute;, &eacute;me ziman&iacute; zigmak&iacute;man le xowe f&eacute;r deb&iacute;n u p&eacute;man wa niye ke shit&eacute;k&iacute; seyrman kirduwe. Renge eme yek&eacute;k lew hoyane b&eacute; ke zorbey xellik sharezay ew buware zanstiye n&iacute;n ke le ziman dekoll&eacute;tewe. Em shareza neb&uacute;nesh le zimaninas&iacute; u, babetekan&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe lew buware da, her taybet be kurd niye.<br \/>Le mawey ew cend saleda ke xer&iacute;k&iacute; xw&eacute;ndin&iacute; zimaninas&iacute; b&uacute;m, bom derkewit ke zor Keneday&iacute;sh nazanin xw&eacute;ndkar&iacute; zimaninas&iacute; c&iacute; dexw&eacute;n&eacute;. Pash&iacute; ewe ke le willam&iacute; &quot;c&iacute; dexw&eacute;n&iacute;?&quot; da, demgut &quot;zimaninas&iacute;&quot;, zorbey xellk yan deyangut &quot;le zimaninas&iacute; da c&iacute; dexw&eacute;nin?&quot;, yan deyangut, &quot;kame ziman f&eacute;r deb&iacute;?&quot;, yan &quot;cend ziman f&eacute;r deb&iacute;?&quot; detwanim bil&eacute;m ke sharezay&iacute; zorbey xellik le zimaninas&iacute;,&nbsp; &eacute;stash, lewe t&eacute;naper&eacute;. p&eacute;m wa niye ke komelgakan&iacute; d&iacute;kesh lew barewe jiyawaz bin.<\/p>\n<p>Bashe berast&iacute; zimaninas&iacute;, eger bir&iacute;t&iacute; neb&eacute; le f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; ziman&eacute;k yan cend ziman&eacute;k, ciye?<br \/>Em witare kurte hewldan&eacute;ke bo willamdanewey em pirsiyare. Nas&iacute;n&iacute; zimaninas&iacute;, be taybet bo ew f&eacute;rxuwazaney ke b&iacute;r le dir&eacute;jhedan&iacute; xw&eacute;ndin le piley zanistge \u200cda dekenewe, yan her kes&eacute;k&iacute; ke hez bika xo be babet u diyardekan&iacute; zimanewe xer&iacute;k bika, gir&iacute;nge. Hoy be gir&iacute;ng zan&iacute;n&iacute; em xale le ber emeye ke nas&iacute;n&iacute; zimannas&iacute; wek&uacute; buwar&eacute;k&iacute; zanst&iacute; bo kurd p&eacute;w&iacute;ste. Be heb&uacute;n&iacute; zimannas&iacute; zortir ke xo be ziman&iacute; Kurdiyewe xer&iacute;k biken u be sh&eacute;wey zanist&iacute; l&eacute;y bikolnewe, lewaneye h&iacute;way heb&uacute;n&iacute; asoyek&iacute; r&uacute;nak, yan r&uacute;naktir, bo em zimane w&eacute;c&uacute;tir u le rast&iacute; niz&iacute;ktir b&eacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Zimannas&iacute; ciye?<\/p>\n<p>Zimannas&iacute; bir&iacute;tiye le l&eacute;koll&iacute;newey zanistiyaney ziman. Egerc&iacute; zan&iacute;n&iacute; ziyatir le ziman&eacute;k lewaneye yarmet&iacute; xw&eacute;ndkar&iacute; zimannas&iacute; yan zimannas&eacute;k bida ke bashtir le cemk u diyardekan&iacute; ziman t&eacute;biga, zimannas nacar niye ziman&eacute;k&iacute; d&iacute;ke f&eacute;r b&eacute;. Belk&uacute;, zimannas hewil deda ke le ziman, wek&uacute; diyardeyek&iacute; komelayet&iacute; u &iacute;nsan&iacute;, t&eacute;biga. Zimaninas&iacute;, bo nim&uacute;ne, le willam&iacute; em ceshne pirsiyarane deger&eacute;: Dengekan&iacute; ziman con saz debin? boc&iacute; kat&eacute;k qiseker&eacute;k em dengane be duway yektir da r&iacute;z deka, yek&eacute;k&iacute;tir, wate gw&eacute;gir&eacute;k, deuwan&eacute; lem dengane wata u mana c&eacute; bika? herweha, boc&iacute; em sazkirdiney wata le deng be hem&uacute; gw&eacute;gir&eacute;k nakir&eacute;? zan&iacute;n&iacute; ziman&iacute; zigmak&iacute; manay ciye? aya ziman&iacute; helle u ziman&iacute; nahelle hen? aya ziman&eacute;k&iacute; berbilaw&iacute; wek&uacute; Ingl&iacute;s&iacute; le ziman&eacute;k&iacute; serkutkiraw&iacute; wek&uacute; Kurd&iacute;, yan ziman&iacute; gund&eacute;k&iacute; d&uacute;redest&iacute; Efr&iacute;qay&iacute; tewawtire? jiyawaz&iacute; le n&eacute;wan diyalekt (lehje) u ziman da ciye? bo nim&uacute;ne, aya Kurd&iacute; zimane, yan lehje? jiyawaz&iacute; sh&eacute;we qisekirdin&iacute; jhin u piyaw ciye? em jiyawaz&iacute;ane ci tes&iacute;r&eacute;kiyan le p&eacute;ge u piley komelayet&iacute; jhin u piyaw da heye? emane u zor pirsiyar&iacute; tir&iacute;sh babet&iacute; xw&eacute;ndinewe u l&eacute;koll&iacute;newey f&eacute;rxuwazekan&iacute; zimannas&iacute; u zimannasanin. Ciyawaz&iacute; u berbilaw&iacute; pirsiyargel&eacute;k&iacute; yekjar zor sebaret be ziman buwete hoy eme ke zimannas&iacute; be cend&iacute;n lik dabesh bikir&eacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Likekan&iacute; Zimannas&iacute;<\/p>\n<p>Ziman be sh&eacute;wey jorawjor l&eacute;y dekolldr&eacute;tewe u mutala dekir&eacute;. Her bew p&eacute;yesh, zimannas&iacute; dekir&eacute; be cend sh&eacute;we dabesh bikir&eacute;te ser cend&iacute;n lik u po. Herkam lew likane willam&iacute; hend&eacute;k pirsiyar&iacute; taybet dedenewe u le babetgel&eacute;k&iacute; taybet dekollnewe:<br \/>1. Zimannas&iacute; t&iacute;or&iacute;k (Theoretijal linguistijs) (xal&iacute;s u bineret&iacute;: zimanekan con kar deken?)<br \/>2. Zimannas&iacute; m&eacute;jhuyane (Historijal linguistijs) (zimanekan con b&uacute;n be emey ke &eacute;sta hen?)<br \/>3. Zimannas&iacute; komelayet&iacute;yane (Sojolinguistijs) (p&eacute;wend&iacute; ziman le gel p&eacute;khatekan&iacute; tir&iacute; komelayet&iacute; ciye?)<br \/>4. Zimannas&iacute; der&uacute;nnas&iacute;yane (Psyjholinguistijs) (ziman le naw m&eacute;shk da con saz deb&eacute; u dekew&eacute;te kar kirdin?)<br \/>5. Zimaninas&iacute; p&eacute;kgirtin\/ karp&eacute;kerane (Applied linguistijs) (f&eacute;rb&uacute;n u f&eacute;rkirdin&iacute; ziman, werg&eacute;ran, htd.)<br \/>6. Zimannas&iacute; kamp&iacute;yut&eacute;r&iacute; (Computational linguistijs) (be komp&iacute;yut&eacute;r kirdin&iacute; ziman&iacute; &iacute;nsan)<\/p>\n<p>Jige le emane, h&eacute;nd&eacute;k lik&iacute; d&iacute;kesh le zimannas&iacute; debinewe. Bo w&eacute;ne h&eacute;nd&eacute;k zimannas le ziman&iacute; malat dekollnewe. H&eacute;nd&eacute;k&iacute; d&iacute;ke xer&iacute;k&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le ziman&iacute; kemendaman&iacute; b&iacute;stin u gutinn. H&eacute;nd&eacute;k&iacute;sh le keresekan&iacute; tir&iacute; p&eacute;wend&iacute; girtin, wek&uacute; h&eacute;ma u &iacute;share, dekollnewe. H&iacute; wash heye ke le felsefey ziman dekoll&eacute;tewe. Hem&uacute; ew beshanesh ke ta &eacute;sta nawyan hat&ugrave;we, le xoyanda dabesh dekir&eacute;newe ser lik&iacute; bic&uacute;ktir. Le dir&eacute;jhey em witareda, kurteyek sebaret be herkam lew beshane p&eacute;shkesh dekir&eacute;.<\/p>\n<p>1. Zimannas&iacute; t&iacute;or&iacute;k (Theoretijal Linguistijs): em beshe bawtir&iacute;n besh&iacute; zimannas&iacute; u besh&eacute;k&iacute; gir&iacute;ng&iacute; zorbey here zor&iacute; kol&eacute;jekan&iacute; zimannasiye. Em likey zimannas&iacute; le ziman wek&uacute; diyardeyek&iacute; &iacute;nsan&iacute; u kereseyek&iacute; p&eacute;wend&iacute;girtin dekoll&eacute;tewe. cunke ziman le cend&iacute;n p&eacute;khate, wek&uacute; deng, wishe, riste, mana u htd, c&eacute; buwe, em likey zimannas&iacute;sh xoy be cend&iacute;n lik&iacute; bic&uacute;ktir dabesh kirawe. Em like bic&uacute;kane bir&iacute;t&iacute;n le fonet&iacute;k, fonolojh&iacute;, morfolojh&iacute;, ristesaz&iacute;, watasaz&iacute; u, piragmat&iacute;k (tes&iacute;r&iacute; helumerj le ser bekarh&eacute;nan&iacute; ziman).<\/p>\n<p>1.1. Fonet&iacute;k (Phonetics): &quot;fon&quot; wate deng. fonet&iacute;k wate zanist&iacute; nas&iacute;n&iacute; deng. Le zimannas&iacute; da, fonet&iacute;k be kollekey zanisteke u nas&iacute;n&iacute; ziman denasr&eacute;. Hoy gir&iacute;ngayet&iacute; fonet&iacute;k le eme \u200cdaye ke ziman le esasda bir&iacute;tiye le komeleyek deng ke be sh&eacute;wegel&eacute;k&iacute; taybet u, zorbey katan be p&eacute;y yasayek&iacute; r&eacute;kup&eacute;k, s&iacute;stim&eacute;k&iacute; p&eacute;wend&iacute; girtinyan c&eacute; kirduwe. Fonet&iacute;k le conyet&iacute; p&eacute;khatin&iacute; em dengane dekoll&eacute;tewe. Bo w&eacute;ne fonet&iacute;k le ewe dekoll&eacute;tewe<br \/>ke le ziman&iacute; Kurd&iacute; da cend deng hen. Em dengane le kw&egrave;y ewik, zar, ziman u l&uacute;t da saz debin u con saz debin? dewr&iacute; endamekan&iacute; lesh (zar, ziman, ewik, l&uacute;t, l&eacute;w, didan u htd) le sazb&uacute;n&iacute; em dengane da c&iacute;n? herweha, kamane lem dengane deng&iacute; serek&iacute;n(fon&egrave;m), kamanesh deng&iacute; naserek&iacute;n(alefon)? emane u zor shit&iacute; gir&iacute;ng&iacute; d&iacute;kesh babetekan&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le besh&iacute; fonet&iacute;k da p&eacute;kd&eacute;nin.<\/p>\n<p>2.1. Fonolojh&iacute; (Phonology): le hal&eacute;kda ke fonet&iacute;k xo be diyar&iacute;kirdin u saxkirdinewey dengekan&iacute; zimanewe xer&iacute;k deka, fonolojh&iacute; le conyet&iacute; s&iacute;stim&iacute; r&eacute;kxistin&iacute; ew dengane dekoll&eacute;tewe. Bo nim&uacute;ne, fonet&iacute;k sax&iacute; dekatewe ke &quot;jh&quot; deng&eacute;k&iacute; serek&iacute;(fon&egrave;m) le ziman&iacute; kurd&iacute; daye. Ew denge deng&eacute;k&iacute; &quot;xishok&quot;e, le kat&iacute; sazkirdin&iacute; da, ser&iacute; ziman dec&eacute;t bo ser sextemelash&uacute;, pishtewey ziman&iacute;sh berew nermemelash&uacute; beriz deb&eacute;tewe. Le layek&iacute; d&iacute;kewe, fonolojh&iacute; lewe dekoll&eacute;tewe ke deng&iacute; &quot;jh&quot; le kw&egrave;y wishekanda d&eacute;. Her lem p&eacute;wendiyesh da, willam&iacute; pirsiyar&eacute;k&iacute; awa dedatewe: boc&iacute; deng&iacute; &quot;jh&quot; lem wishaneda heye, wek&uacute; &quot;kujhran&quot;, &quot;bikujh&quot;, yan &quot;kujhraw&quot;, belam le wisheyek&iacute; d&iacute;keda, wek&uacute; &quot;kushtin&quot;, niye u deb&eacute;t be &quot;sh&quot;? aya &quot;sh&quot; deb&eacute;t be &quot;jh&quot; yan be p&eacute;cewanewe, yan herd&uacute;kiyan? ew j&eacute;gork&eacute;ney &quot;sh&quot; u &quot;jh&quot;, be her sh&eacute;weyek ke bib&eacute;, aya her lem cend wisheye daye u be sh&eacute;weyek&iacute; hellkewte, yan be p&eacute;y yasayek&iacute; taybete u le wishey d&iacute;kesh da r&uacute; deda? Eger be p&eacute;y yasayeke, ew helumerje ciye ke ew yasaye t&eacute;yda d&eacute;te arawe? Emane ew ceshne pirsiyaranen ke fonolojh&iacute; deyanka u le willamekaniyan deger&eacute;. Ke wab&uacute;, fonolojh&iacute; le s&iacute;stim&iacute; r&eacute;kkewtin u r&eacute;kxistin&iacute; dengekan&iacute; ziman&eacute;k&iacute; taybet dekoll&eacute;tewe.<\/p>\n<p>3.1. Morfolojh&iacute; (Morphology): morfolojh&iacute; bir&iacute;tiye le zanist&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le wishekan&iacute; ziman. Em beshey zimannas&iacute; le conyet&iacute; p&eacute;khatin&iacute; wishekan, r&iacute;shey wishekan, kerese lik&eacute;nerekan yan jiyakerewekan, p&eacute;shgir u pashgirgel u htd, dekoll&eacute;tewe. Le morfolojh&iacute;sh da, wek&uacute; hem&uacute; buwar&eacute;k&iacute; zanist&iacute;, h&eacute;nd&eacute;k cemk&iacute; gir&iacute;ng u taybet&iacute; hen. Morfolojh&iacute; lem ceshne pirsiyarane dekoll&eacute;tewe: wishe ciye? morf, morf&egrave;m u alemorf c&iacute;n? wishey &quot;t&eacute;khelc&uacute;newe&quot;, bo nim&uacute;ne, le cend wishey bic&uacute;ktir, yan le cend morf u morf&egrave;m p&eacute;khatuwe? Em witare cend wishey t&eacute;daye, con dezan&iacute;n u p&eacute;waneman ciye? be cend sh&eacute;we &eacute;me detuwan&iacute;n wishey nw&eacute; le ziman&iacute; Kurd&iacute;da da tash&iacute;n u durust bikeyn?<br \/>Morfololojh&iacute; le willam&iacute; em pirsiyarane u pirsiyar&iacute; lem ceshne dekoll&eacute;tewe. Morfolojh&iacute; be shw&eacute;n ewe weye ke yasay r&eacute;kkewtin, p&eacute;kewe likan, t&eacute;kelawb&uacute;n u t&eacute;kbez&iacute;n&iacute; wishekan diyar&iacute; bika. Lem r&ugrave;wewe, morfolojh&iacute; wek&uacute; besh&eacute;k&iacute; gir&iacute;ng&iacute; giram&eacute;r (r&eacute;ziman) caw&iacute; l&eacute;dekir&eacute;.<\/p>\n<p>4.1. S&iacute;ntaks (Syntax): s&iacute;ntaks le giram&eacute;r (r&eacute;ziman) u conyet&iacute; p&eacute;kewe likan&iacute; wishekan bo sazdan u c&eacute;kirdin&iacute; riste u sh&eacute;weriste le ziman da dekoll&eacute;tewe. H&egrave;nd&eacute;k le yasakan&iacute; r&eacute;ziman&iacute; le hem&uacute; zimanekan da wek&uacute; yekin. Bo nim&uacute;ne, le hem&uacute; ziman&eacute;kda, risteyek, lan&iacute; kem, le yek biker u yek kirdar p&eacute;kd&eacute;, wek&uacute;, &quot;hana d&eacute;&quot;, &quot;hana m&iacute;ayed,&quot; yan &quot;.Hana jomes&quot;. le gel emesh da, zor yasay p&eacute;kewe likan&iacute; wishekan le ziman&eacute;k bo ziman&eacute;k&iacute; d&iacute;ke jiyawaze. Hercend ke wishekan manay serbexoy xoyan heye, belam wa heye ke be p&eacute;y r&iacute;z b&uacute;nyan le risteda mana bigorin. Bo nim&uacute;ne &eacute;me detuwan&iacute;n bil&eacute;y&iacute;n, &quot;xej xoy bo siyamend heldasht.&quot; detuwan&iacute;n her bem wishane, belam be gor&iacute;n&iacute; sh&eacute;wey r&iacute;z b&uacute;nyan, manay risteke bigor&iacute;n, wek&uacute; &quot;siyamend xoy bo xej heldasht.&quot; herweha, detuwan&iacute;n em wishane be jor&eacute;k&iacute;sh r&iacute;z bikeyn ke ristekeman her manay neb&eacute;, lan&iacute;kem be ashkiray&iacute;, wek&uacute; em risteye: &quot;heldasht bo xoy xej siyamend.&quot; bashe boc&iacute; ristekan&iacute; p&eacute;sh&uacute;, ke her lem wishane p&eacute;khatb&uacute;n, manayan heb&uacute;, belam em&nbsp; risteyey duway&iacute;, her bew wishanewe, manay niye? Ashkiraye ke &eacute;we del&eacute;n c&uacute;nke ew risteyey duway&iacute; le yasay r&eacute;ziman&iacute; Kurd&iacute; lay dawe. Raste. bellam, ew yasayane c&iacute;n? herweha, h&eacute;nd&eacute;k jar le waneye risteyek&iacute;sh be tewaw&iacute; yasay r&eacute;ziman&iacute; recaw neka, kec&iacute; b&iacute;ser&eacute;k&iacute; Kurd detuwan&eacute; le mebest&iacute; qisekereke t&eacute;biga. Bo nim&uacute;ne, detuwan&iacute;n bil&eacute;yin ke her cend em risteye tewaw r&eacute;ziman&iacute; niye, bellam hem&uacute; Kurd&eacute;k&iacute;sh t&eacute;y dega: &quot;Ehmed xuward nan mal&iacute; &eacute;me.&quot; b&iacute;ser&eacute;k&iacute; Kurd dezan&eacute; ke mebest&iacute; qiseker emeye ke &quot;Ehmed nan&iacute; le mal&iacute; &eacute;me xuward.&quot; bashe eger &eacute;me le herd&uacute; riste t&eacute;bigeyn, con dezan&iacute;n ke kame riste le bar&iacute; r&eacute;zimaniyewe raste u kameyan helleye? riste le cend besh p&eacute;khatuwe? kam besh detuwan&eacute; be kam beshewe bin&uacute;s&eacute; u le kam helumerj da? kurttir&iacute;n ristey ziman&iacute; kurd&iacute; le cend wishe p&eacute;kd&eacute;? dir&eacute;jhtir&iacute;n riste ciye? emane u setan pirsiyar&iacute; d&iacute;kesh, sebaret be r&eacute;ziman&iacute; ziman, babet&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe u l&eacute; wirdib&uacute;newey lik&iacute; s&iacute;ntaks&iacute; zimannas&iacute;n.<\/p>\n<p>5.1. Sement&iacute;k (Semantics): sement&iacute;k (mananas&iacute;) bir&iacute;tiye le l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le mana u watay morf&egrave;mekan, wishekan, sh&eacute;weristekan, ristekan u gutarekan (disjourses). Ashkiraye ke zan&iacute;n&iacute; ziman&eacute;k bir&iacute;tiye le zan&iacute;n&iacute; dengekan,wishekan u ristekan&iacute; ew zimane. Bellam, le rast&iacute; da, amanj&iacute; serek&iacute; le zan&iacute;n&iacute; ewane emeye ke qiseker&eacute;k bituwan&eacute; mebest&iacute; xoy, cak yan xirap, be hoy zimanewe rabigey&eacute;n&eacute;. Lem ruwangeyeweye ke besh&iacute; sement&iacute;k u mananas&iacute; gir&iacute;ngayet&iacute; taybet be xoy heye. Lem likey zimannas&iacute; da, le babetgel&iacute; wek&uacute; wishe hawmanakan, wishe dijhekan u htd dekolldr&eacute;tewe. Her lem beshesh daye ke le p&eacute;wend&iacute; wishekan, ristekan u gutarekan le gel mana, mebest, amanj, fikir u b&iacute;r, siyaset u ayd&iacute;olojh&iacute; dekolldr&eacute;tewe. Helbet zimannas yan kol&eacute;j&iacute; mutalay zimannas&iacute; ewto hen ke le mananas&iacute; da ta ew radeye wird nabinewe u, le radey watay wishe u risteda dewestin. Le bat&iacute; mananas&iacute;, wird b&uacute;newe le manay beshekan&iacute; ziman le radeyek&iacute; berbilawtir da dexir&eacute;te estoy buwar&iacute; piragmat&iacute;k yan buwar&iacute; l&eacute;kdanew&iacute; gutar (Discourse Analysis).<\/p>\n<p>6.1. Piragmat&iacute;k(Pragmatijs): piragmat&iacute;k bir&iacute;tiye le l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe lew beshaney wata u ziman le kat&iacute; kelik l&eacute;wergirtin da ke bestirawetewe be helumerj&iacute; xud&iacute; qiseker, b&iacute;ser u ew cuwarc&eacute;we u kont&eacute;kstesh ke qisekey t&eacute;da kirawe yan b&iacute;stirawe. Be watayek&iacute; tir, piragmat&iacute;k lew diyarde u faktoraney gutar (d&iacute;skors) dekoll&eacute;tewe ke tes&iacute;ryan le sazb&uacute;n u sazdan&iacute; wata u mana da heye. H&eacute;nd&eacute;k lew faktorane bir&iacute;t&iacute;n le, le ci helumerj&eacute;k da qiseyek kirawe, le kw&eacute;, key, le layen k&eacute;we u bo k&eacute;? Amanj&iacute; qiseker c&iacute; buwe? cend lew qiseyey ke derbirdrawe agadar&iacute; nweye u, cendey kone? bo t&eacute;geyshtin le derbirdrawey taze, b&iacute;ser agadar&iacute; p&eacute;sh&ugrave;y ta ci radeyek p&eacute;w&iacute;ste u ew agadar&iacute;yane c&iacute;n? Emane u zor wirde babet&iacute; d&iacute;kesh xalekan&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newey buwar&iacute; piragmat&iacute;k p&eacute;kd&eacute;nin.<\/p>\n<p>2. Zimannas&iacute; m&eacute;jh&ugrave;yiyane (Historijal linguistics): em likey zimannas&iacute; le m&eacute;jh&uacute; u p&eacute;sh&iacute;ney zimanekan u p&eacute;wend&iacute; u xizmayet&iacute; n&eacute;wanyan dekoll&eacute;tewe. Le bar&iacute; kat u zemanewe ziman dekir&eacute; lan&iacute; kem be d&uacute; sh&eacute;we mutala bikir&eacute;: S&iacute;nkiran&iacute;k(syncronic) u dayakiran&iacute;k (diajronic). l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe u xw&eacute;ndinewey s&iacute;nkiran&iacute;k bir&iacute;tiye le l&eacute;koll&iacute;newey ziman le kat&eacute;k&iacute; taybet da u bew sh&eacute;weye ke ziman lew kateda kelk&iacute; l&eacute; werdeg&iacute;r&eacute;. Bo nim&uacute;ne, zimannas&iacute; mod&eacute;rn, ziman bew sh&eacute;weye ke &eacute;sta heye mutala deka u l&eacute;k&iacute;dedatewe. eme l&eacute;koll&iacute;newey s&iacute;nkiran&iacute;k yan s&iacute;nkiron&iacute;ke. Bellam, dayakiran&iacute;k wate le dir&eacute;jhay&iacute; kat u zeman da. L&eacute;kol&iacute;newey dayakiran&iacute;kaney ziman wate l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le ziman le kat u shw&eacute;n&iacute; jiyawaz da. Eme bir&iacute;tiye le sh&eacute;we l&eacute;koll&iacute;newey zimannas&iacute; m&eacute;jh&ugrave;y&iacute;, wate l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le ziman le dir&eacute;jhay&iacute; m&eacute;jh&uacute; da. Her bem p&eacute;yesh, l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe lem buwarde da le ser esll u pir&egrave;ns&iacute;p&eacute;k&iacute; serek&iacute; damezrawe: ziman degordr&eacute;. T&eacute;geyshtin le cend u con&iacute; gor&iacute;n&iacute; ziman le dir&eacute;jhay&iacute; m&eacute;jh&uacute; da, xizmayet&iacute; zimanekan, peyda b&uacute;n u goran&iacute; elf u b&eacute;yekan, wergirtin&iacute; wishe le ziman&eacute;kewe le layen ziman&eacute;k&iacute; tirewe, we babetgel&iacute; lem ceshne, babet&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe u l&eacute;kdanewekan&iacute; buwar&iacute; zimaninas&iacute; m&eacute;jh&ugrave;yiyane, yan zimannas&iacute; p&eacute;kgirtinane (Comparative linguistics) p&eacute;kd&eacute;nin.<\/p>\n<p>3. Sos&iacute;ozimannas&iacute; (zimaninas&iacute; komelayet&iacute;yane)(Socolinguistics): Sos&iacute;ozimannas&iacute;, be kurt&iacute;, bir&iacute;tiye le l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le conyet&iacute; p&eacute;wend&iacute; le n&eacute;wan bekar h&eacute;nan u dekarkirdin&iacute; ziman le gel baq&iacute; p&eacute;khate yan sitiraktore komelayetiyekan. Be watayek&iacute; tir, sos&iacute;ozimannas&iacute; le ewe dekoll&eacute;tewe ke komel u p&eacute;khatekan&iacute; ci tes&iacute;r&eacute;kiyan le ser ziman heye u, be p&eacute;cewanewesh, ziman ci tes&iacute;r&eacute;k&iacute; le ser p&eacute;khate komelayetiyekan&iacute; d&iacute;ke heye. Sos&iacute;ozimannas&iacute; le rast&iacute; da be shw&eacute;n willam&iacute; zor pirsiyaran da deger&eacute; ke nek her bo sos&iacute;ozimannasekan, belk&uacute; bo zorbey xellk&iacute; asay&iacute;sh sernjrak&eacute;shn. Bo nim&uacute;ne, h&eacute;nd&eacute;k lew pirsiyarane bir&iacute;t&iacute;n le emane: jiyawaz&iacute; le n&eacute;wan Kurd&iacute; Rojhhelat&iacute; u Kurd&iacute; Rojhaway&iacute; da ciye? Aya em d&uacute; sh&eacute;we axawtine ewende l&eacute;k jiyawazin ke be d&uacute; ziman binasr&eacute;n, yan d&uacute; diyalekt&iacute; yek zimanin? jiyawaz&iacute; le n&eacute;wan qisekirdin&iacute; jhin u qise kirdin&iacute; piyaw da ciye? aya qise kirdin&iacute; em d&uacute; jh&eacute;ndere tes&iacute;riyan le ser berdewam b&uacute;n yan neb&uacute;n&iacute; p&eacute;ge u piley komelayet&iacute; em d&uacute; jh&eacute;ndere, bem sh&eacute;weyey ke heye yan buwe, heye yan na? sos&iacute;ozimannas&iacute; le p&eacute;wendiyekan&iacute; ziman u c&iacute;ne komelayetiyekan, ziman u xw&eacute;ndewar&iacute; yan nexw&eacute;ndewar&iacute;, zimane xorskekan yan zimane muturbekan, gor&iacute;n&iacute; ziman, mirdin u kushtin&iacute; ziman, plan danan bo ziman, maf&iacute; ziman&iacute;, serkutkirdin&iacute; zimanekan, ziman&iacute; zigmak u ziman&iacute; z&eacute;de, yekzimane yan cendzimane b&uacute;n u htd dekoll&eacute;tewe. Be kurt&iacute;, p&eacute;wend&iacute; diyardekan u faktorekan&iacute; komelayet&iacute; le gel ziman u, tes&iacute;r&iacute; d&uacute;layeney em d&uacute; diyarde &iacute;nsaniye, babet&iacute; serek&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le buwar&iacute; sos&iacute;ozimaninas&iacute; dan.<\/p>\n<p>4. Zimaninas&iacute; der&uacute;nnasy&iacute;ane (Psycolinguistics) . em beshey zimannas&iacute; le conyet&iacute; f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; ziman le layen &iacute;nsanewe u, dewr&iacute; m&eacute;shk u hizir lew piroseye da, dekoll&eacute;tewe. Bo w&eacute;ne, ew beshe deyew&eacute; r&uacute;n&iacute; bikatewe ke boc&iacute; &eacute;me ziman f&eacute;r deb&iacute;n u con? boc&iacute; malat natwanin wek&uacute; &iacute;nsan f&eacute;r bin? m&eacute;shk&iacute; &eacute;me ci qab&iacute;liyet&eacute;k&iacute; heye ke&nbsp; mindal&eacute;k&iacute; 4 salane, tenanet kemtir&iacute;sh, bituwan&eacute; em hem&uacute; yasa u qan&uacute;naney ziman f&eacute;r b&eacute;? aya mindal&eacute;k em yasayane le ber deka, be hoy pirove u temr&iacute;newe, yan m&eacute;shk&iacute; &eacute;me wa durust buwe ke ci bimanew&eacute; u ci nemanew&eacute;, madam ke le buwar&iacute; f&iacute;z&iacute;kiyewe &iacute;radman le m&eacute;shk da neb&eacute;, nacar&iacute;n ke lan&iacute; kem ziman&eacute;k her f&eacute;r b&iacute;n? Em likey zimannas&iacute; zor le f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; ziman le layen mindalewe dekoll&eacute;tewe u gerekiyet&iacute; hem&uacute; ew yasa hizr&iacute;yane bidoz&eacute;tewe ke yarmet&iacute; mindal&eacute;k deden ke zimanekey f&eacute;r b&eacute;. Bo doz&iacute;newey willam&iacute; em pirsiyaranesh saykozimannasekan le qisekirdin&iacute; mindalekan le labiratorekan da, le sh&eacute;wey qisekirdin&iacute; ew kesaney ke t&uacute;sh&iacute; zerbey m&eacute;shk&iacute; b&uacute;n(eyfasiya), we herweha lew kesanesh ke girft&iacute; xw&eacute;ndineweyan heye(d&iacute;sl&egrave;ksiya) dekollnewe.<\/p>\n<p>5. Zimannas&iacute; karp&eacute;kerane (Applied linguistics): em likey zimannas&iacute; dekir&eacute; ziyatir le manayek&iacute; heb&eacute;. Bo nim&uacute;ne, le h&eacute;nd&eacute;k le zankokan&iacute; zimannas&iacute; da, zimannas&iacute; karp&eacute;kerane bir&iacute;tiye le l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le t&iacute;or&iacute;gel&iacute; f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; ziman&iacute; z&eacute;de (wek&uacute; f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; Ingl\u0640&iacute;s&iacute; le layen kur&eacute;kewe) u doz&iacute;newey bashtir&iacute;n r&eacute;gakan&iacute; f&eacute;rkirdin&iacute; ziman&iacute; z&eacute;de. Kec&iacute; le h&eacute;nd&eacute;k shw&eacute;n&iacute; d&iacute;ke, zimaninas&iacute; karp&eacute;kerane yan p&eacute;kgirtin hem&uacute; ew buwaraney l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe degr&eacute;tewe ke beder le goreban&iacute; zimannas&iacute; t&iacute;or&iacute;kin. Le zor zankoy zimannas&iacute; da, em buwarane hemu ser be zimannas&iacute; karp&eacute;keranen: sos&iacute;ozimaninas&iacute;, yasa u plan danan bo ziman, f&eacute;rb&uacute;n u f&eacute;rkirdin&iacute; ziman&iacute; z&eacute;de, d&uacute;zimaneb&uacute;n u cend zimaneb&uacute;n, kamp&iacute;yut&eacute;r u ziman, l&eacute;kdanewe u sh&iacute;kar&iacute; deq u gutar, ziman u deselat, ziman u &iacute;d&egrave;olojh&iacute;, n&iacute;shane nas&iacute; (semiotijs), nexw&eacute;ndewar&iacute; u xw&eacute;ndewar&iacute; u, htd.<\/p>\n<p>6. Zimaninas&iacute; kamp&iacute;yut&eacute;r&iacute; (Computational linguistics) (be komp&iacute;yut&eacute;rekirdin&iacute; ziman&iacute; &iacute;nsan) em likey ziman-nas&iacute;, ke le zor zanstge lewaneye ke ser be zankoy der&uacute;ninas&iacute; yan zankoy kamp&iacute;yut&eacute;rewe b&eacute;, lewe dekoll&eacute;tewe ke con dekir&eacute; be sh&eacute;weyek&iacute; r&eacute;kup&eacute;k ew karaney ziman ke be m&eacute;shik dekir&eacute;n be komp&iacute;yut&eacute;r bikir&eacute;n, bo nim&uacute;ne werg&eacute;rran le ziman&eacute;kewe bo ziman&eacute;k&iacute; d&iacute;ke, l&eacute;kdanewey deq, tayp kirdin&iacute; ew shitey ke be qise degutir&eacute; u le r&eacute;gay m&iacute;kirofon&eacute;kewe dedr&eacute; be komp&iacute;yut&eacute;r. Besh&eacute;k&iacute; gir&iacute;ng u pirdahat&iacute; em beshey zanist bir&iacute;tiye le c&eacute;kirdin&iacute; bername komp&iacute;yut&eacute;riyekan bo f&eacute;rb&uacute;n u f&eacute;rkirdin&iacute; ziman&iacute; z&eacute;de, be taybet ziman&iacute; Ingl&iacute;s&iacute;. Ashkiraye ke zor&eacute;k lem karane her &eacute;sta be komp&iacute;yut&eacute;r dekir&eacute;n, bellam emane dekir&eacute; bashtir bikir&eacute;n, be sh&eacute;weyek ke berhem&iacute; karekan&iacute; komp&iacute;yut&eacute;r lew buwareda deq&iacute;qtir u x&eacute;ratir b&eacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Hem&uacute; ew beshaney zimannas&iacute; tijh&iacute; babet&iacute; l&eacute;koll&iacute;newen, be taybet bo f&eacute;rxuwaz&eacute;k&iacute; zimannas&iacute; kurd. Le gel eweshda ke deretan bo Kurd zor kem b&ugrave;we ke xemxor yan ogiran&iacute; buwar&iacute; zimannas&iacute; bituwanin, be sh&eacute;weyek&iacute; zanist&iacute;, be ziman&iacute; Kurd&iacute; rabigen, ta &eacute;sta kar&iacute; bash kirawe. Bellam, ewe bes niye u kar&iacute; zorman mawe ke b&iacute;keyn. Pirsiyar &eacute;sta emeye ke le kam buwar da deb&eacute; kar&iacute; ziyatir bikir&eacute;. Rastiyekey emeye ke ewe lewaneye zortir biger&eacute;tewe ser zewq u &iacute;shtiya&iacute; f&eacute;rxuwazan&iacute; zimannas&iacute;. Bo nim&uacute;ne, min xom zor hez le buwar&iacute; l&eacute;kdanewey rexnegiraney gutar u deq dekem, bellam emeshim le ber cawe ke bo nim&uacute;ne le buwar&iacute; fonet&iacute;k yan morfolojh&iacute; ziman&iacute; Kurd&iacute;da zor kar&iacute; be nirix dekirdr&eacute;. Be gisht&iacute;, be lebercawgirtin&iacute; helumerj&iacute; zimanekeman, ke &eacute;stash le zorbey Kurdistanda hereshey mirdin&iacute; l&eacute;dekir&eacute;, d&uacute; besh lew beshaney ke le serewe basman kirdin, p&eacute;w&iacute;ste ke ziyatir le beshekan&iacute; d&iacute;ke gir&iacute;ngayet&iacute;yan p&eacute; bidr&eacute;. Ew d&uacute; beshe bir&iacute;t&iacute;n le besh&iacute; zimannas&iacute; t&iacute;or&iacute;k (fonet&iacute;k, fonolojh&iacute;, morfolojh&iacute;, r&eacute;ziman, mananas&iacute; u piragmat&iacute;k) u sos&iacute;ozimaninas&iacute;.<\/p>\n<p>Sereray ewe ke r&eacute;z&iacute; xom derdebirm bo ew kesaney ke xer&iacute;k&iacute; rabird&ugrave;y zimanekemanin, cunke p&eacute;m waye le r&ugrave;y dilsoziyewe karekeyan deken, nacar&iacute;shim eme bil&eacute;m ke xozge wuze u kat&iacute; xoyan terxan kirdiba bo l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le zimanekeman bew sh&eacute;weyey ke emro heye. Reng b&eacute; xo mand&uacute; kirdin be babetekan&iacute; z&iacute;nd&ugrave;y zimanekeman gir&iacute;ngtir b&eacute; le ewe ke bizan&iacute;n Kurd&iacute; zortir xizm&iacute; kame zimane? yan r&iacute;shey filane wishe Turkiye yan Fars&iacute;? zimanekeman ci p&eacute;wend&iacute; be &quot;Alman&iacute;&quot;-yewe heb&eacute; u ci p&eacute;wend&iacute; be &quot;Suwah&iacute;l&iacute;&quot; yewe heb&eacute;, her eweye ke heye. Ba le eme bikol&iacute;newe ke &eacute;sta ciye, cone, yasakan&iacute; c&iacute;n, bashtir&iacute;n r&eacute;gay f&eacute;rkirdin&iacute; yan f&eacute;rb&uacute;n&iacute; ciye? ba le eme bikol&iacute;newe ke bashtir&iacute;n r&eacute;gay p&eacute;wend&iacute;girtin be Kurd&iacute; ciye le qisekirdin&iacute; asay&iacute; da, le witardan&iacute; siyas&iacute;da, le gutardan&iacute; komelayet&iacute;da, le jhurnal&iacute;smda u htd. Kar kirdin be ziman u, l&eacute;koll&iacute;newe le con&eacute;t&iacute; u cend&eacute;t&iacute; ew karaney ke be ziman deykeyn le hells u kewte komellayetiyekaniman u hem&uacute; buwarekan&iacute; jhiyan daye ke ziman&eacute;k z&iacute;nd&uacute; radegir&eacute;, nek doz&iacute;newey wishegel&eacute;k&iacute; kon u ashna le ser kute per&eacute;k&iacute; zerd hellgerraw.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>Source: This essay is posted in H&eacute;d&iacute;&#8217;s weblog. It has been converted to Kurdish- romanised orthography with the author&#8217;s permission.<br \/>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P&eacute;shekiyek&iacute; zor kurt bo zimannas&iacute; Je&#8217;fer&iacute; sh&eacute;xul&iacute;slam&iacute; (31.01.2004)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":304,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-305","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/305","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=305"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/305\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=305"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=305"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurdishacademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=305"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}